Antigone Vs. Socrates Essay examples - 664 Words

Antigone vs. Socrates In the plays Antigone and the Crito the two lead characters, Antigone and Socrates, showed completely different ideas regarding their responsibilities to the State. Antigone believes in divine law and does what she thinks that the Gods would want her to do. Socrates, on the other hand, believes that he owes it to the State to follow their laws whether he thinks they are right or not. In Antigone, her brother Polynices, turned against his own city by attacking his own brother just so he could become king. On this day, both brothers died. One, Eteocles, was given funeral honors, but the other, Polynices, was not. This decision was made by Creon, Antigoneamp;#8217;s uncle and the current King of Thebes. Creon said†¦show more content†¦It is clear that Antigone follows divine law and has little respect for the laws of the State. In the Crito, Socrates is approached by his life-long friend Crito while in prison awaiting execution. Crito used many different ways to attempt to persuade Socrates to escape. The best argument Crito uses is that he says Socrates would be betraying his children if he were to stay in prison. He says that Socrates should bring them up and educate them, not leave them. Socrates, contrary to what Crito says, feels that he has an implied contract with the State. He believes that his family staying in Athens and raising him there was the greatest compliment they could have given him, so he feels that he owes it to the State to accept its laws and to remain a willing partner to the State. Socratesamp;#8217; feelings were summed up on page 64 when he says: amp;#8220;If the state leads us to wounds or death in battle, we follow as is right; no one can yield or leave his rank, but whether in battle or in a court of law, or in any other place, he must do what his city and his country order himamp;#8230;if he may do no violence to his father or mother, much less may he do violence to his country.; (Pg. 64) By this quote, he means that a man must do what the State tells him to do and should back the State in all of the Stateamp;#8217;s endeavors. Personally, I am torn between the two ideas. I believe that the State usually makesShow MoreRelatedAntigone vs. Socrates Essay examples681 Words   |  3 PagesAntigone vs. Socrates In the plays Antigone and the Crito the two lead characters, Antigone and Socrates, showed completely different ideas regarding their responsibilities to the State. Antigone believes in divine law and does what she thinks that the Gods would want her to do. Socrates, on the other hand, believes that he owes it to the State to follow their laws whether he thinks they are right or not. In Antigone, her brother Polynices, turned against his own city by attacking his ownRead MoreSocrates Sides with Creon or a1379 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates#8217; Sides With? Through my reading of Plato#8217;s Apology of Socrates and Crito, I have been able to see how Socrates makes important decisions and what he primarily bases his decisions on. As a individual person we have individual morals which lead us to our own moral or immoral decisions. Sometimes are own morals or beliefs might oppose the views of the state or the enforced law that clams to find justice. In this case we rely on our own beliefs that may be through passedRead MoreEssay Platos Apology of Socrates and Crito1326 Words   |  6 Pages Socrates Sides With? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Through my reading of Platos Apology of Socrates and Crito, I have been able to see how Socrates makes important decisions and what he primarily bases his decisions on. As a individual person we have individual morals which lead us to our own moral or immoral decisions. Sometimes are own morals or beliefs might oppose the views of the state or the enforced law that clams to find justice. In this case we rely on our own beliefs that may be throughRead MoreAn Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagescultural propaganda. Greek Heros= models of courage skill to men (what to be) women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme: warrior code of personal honor and glory b. Contrasting themes: Family principle, simple country life vs. war, admiration of enemies. 5. Literary works by Homer Blind poet Homer - represents the culmination of a long and vigorous tradition in which oral recitation—possibly to instrumental accompaniment—was a popular kind of entertainment.

Story of Medusa and Athena Free Essays

Story of Medusa and Athena A long time ago, Once upon a time there was this beautiful Professor by the name of Harris. Harris stayed in the country by the name of Greece in the city of Athens. Professor Harris was considered the most lovely looking girl within a city full of pretty looking girls. We will write a custom essay sample on Story of Medusa and Athena or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harris was exceedingly proud of her beauty, unfortunately and rarely talk or thought about anything else. Every day she would brag about how beautiful she is and how pretty she looks. Day after day her bragging became more and more out of hand. On one, Sunday, Professor Harris bragged to her friends about how her looks were better looking than the snow that has freshly fallen on the ground and trees. Monday, she was talking to the cobbler and told him that the sun was not as bright as her golden hair which glowed. On Tuesday, the son of the black smith overheard the commented made by her about the Aegean Sea and her eyes. Harris thinks her eyes are greener then the sea. By Wednesday, she was at again with her boasting, but this time it was not to one or even two but everyone at the public gardens. She told the public that the reddest of red roses does not have anything on her red lips. When Harris was not too busy sharing with everyone she came in contact with her thoughts on just how beautiful she is. Harris loved to gaze in the mirror at her lovely reflection. She would admired herself for hours each morning with her hand held mirror as she comb her hair. She would even admired herself in her darkened window each evening for hours as she got ready for bed. Professor Harris would even stopped every afternoon at the well to admire herself as she got her dad horses water. Forgetting often to fetch the water in her distraction. Professor Harris went on about how beautiful she was to everyone and anyone who would give her the time of day long enough to hear it from her. She went on and on until she made her first visit to the Parthenon one day with some friends. The Parthenon is where the largest temple for the goddess Athena in all the land. The Parthenon was decorated by the awesome painting and sculptures. The people who came to the Parthenon is awed by the beauty of the place. They could not keep from thinking of how grateful they were to Athena, which was known as the goddess of wisdom, for watching over their city of Athens and for inspiring them. Everyone, that is, except Harris. When Harris first saw the sculptures, she thought and said that i would have been a much better subject for this sculptor besides Athena. the artwork that she saw While she was there, made her comment to her freinds that the artist had done a superb job on the goddess bushy eyebrows considering they were not hers. harris could only imagine how much more astounding the painting have been if it was of someone as beautiful as professor Harris. And when Harris came to the altar Harris laugh happily and said, this is my gorgeous temple. This is a shame the temple was wasted on Athena, because i’m so much prettier than Athena is – perhaps may be some day people are to construct a grander temple to admire my beauty. the statement made by Harris made her friends turn green. Harris comments were overheard by the priestesses. The people began to Whispers throughout the whole temple and immediately the people began to exit the temple. the people that knew Athena. Knew that she loved watching over Athens Citizens and they became extremely afraid of what was going to happen after the goddess had overheard Harris rash remarks. Before long the temple was empty of everyone except Medusa, who was so busy gazing proudly at her reflection in the large bronze doors that she hadn’t noticed the swift departure of everyone else. Theimage she was gazing at wavered and suddenly, instead of her own features, it was the face of Athena that Medusa saw reflected back at her. â€Å"Vain and foolish girl,† Athena said angrily, â€Å"You think you are prettier than I am! I doubt it to be true, but even if it were — there is more to life than beauty alone. While others work and play and learn, you do little but boast and admire yourself. Medusa tried to point out that her beauty was an inspiration to those around her and that she made their lives better by simply looking so lovely, but Athena silenced her with a frustrated wavâ€Å"Nonsense,† Athena retorted, â€Å"Beauty fades swiftly in all mortals. It does not comfort the sick, teach the unskilled or feed the hungry. And by my powers, your lo veliness shall be stripped away completely. Your fate shall serve as a reminder to others to control their pride. †And with those words Medusa’s face changed to that of a hideous monster. Her hair twisted and thickened into horrible snakes that hissed and fought each other atop her head. â€Å"Medusa, for your pride this has been done. Your face is now so terrible to behold that the mere sight of it will turn a man to stone,† proclaimed the goddess, â€Å"Even you, Medusa, should you seek your reflection, shall turn to rock the instant you see your face. †And with that, Athena sent Medusa with her hair of snakes to live with the blind monsters — the gorgon sisters — at the ends of the earth, so that no innocents would be accidentally turned to stone at the sight of her. How to cite Story of Medusa and Athena, Essay examples

Plastic Pack Is Provided Various Companiesâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Plastic Pack Is Provided Various Companies? Answer: Introduction The basic business activity performed by Amcor Limited is the packaging of unique types of goods. From flexible to the inflexible plastic packaging is provided to various companies in order to provide them sustainable management of the companies products. Its headquarters is situated in Australia and for the growth and expansion purpose; they are planning for the expansion of the business. For the same purpose, Mexico is selected and in relevance, to the market situation of the Mexico, appropriate measures will be analyzed before adopting this place for the expansion. Under this report, all the realistic market entry options available in Mexico will be discussed in order to attain organizational goals and objectives. Apart from this, advantages and the disadvantages will also be discussed in relevance to select an adequate market entry option with a view of long run survival in the Mexico. As Amcor Limited is involved in the packaging field hence; the most appropriate way to reach th e success in the new market conditions will be setting up their business outlet nearby to the industrial area of the chosen market. This will help the industrialists to reach to Amcor Limited easily and the chances of getting contracts of packaging from the new market will be more. The activities performed by the Amcor Limited helps them to fall down in the B2B type of business market. Amcor Limited helps the other organizations, generally manufacturing organizations in packaging their finished goods through various types of packaging as required by the product or the organization. Summaries from Assignment In the first part of this assignment, market factors and the opportunities available in the Mexico were discussed in order to set up a unique position in the business environment of the particular place. Adequate risks and the opportunities were discussed with the help of competitive analysis, market analysis, and the organizational environmental analysis. This was performed with a view to understanding the organizational position adequately in the Mexico (Fletcher Crawford, 2013). Apart from these factors, Amcor Limited's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and the threat factors were discussed with various methodologies such as Porter's five forces, BCG matrix, and value chain analysis and through the SWOT analysis. While evaluating all these factors in relation with the Amcor Limited, it was analyzed that the legal system of rest world except the Mexico differs a lot (Kaufmann, Czinkota Zakrzewski, 2015). Various rules and regulations come along in the path while establishing their effective position in the Mexican market with a view to getting involved in the B2B type of organization. Apart from this, it was analyzed while developing the path to enter into Mexican market for performing the business functionalities; Mexico has the most attractive market across the globe in terms of expanding the business with a view to increasing the profitability of the organization. Along with these factors, management of the Amcor Limited performs the marketing mix functionality in order to attain maximized profits. While developing the international marketing plan for the Amcor Limited, it was analyzed that their number of organizations are available which are involved in the same process as Amcor is involved. In this industry, the main success motive is providing adequate qualitative packing. This assures the manufacturers in relevance to their products' safety. Price is a great factor which influences the customers. Hence, Amcor Limited has also analyzed the factor s relating to the price to set the price of their products as minimum as possible in order to attract a high number of consumers (Knight, 2015). Screening of Market Selection Screening of market selection involves the procedure to adapt the most appropriate and effective market for the Amcor Limited for achieving better results (Marchi, et. al., 2014). The basic motive for the expansion for Amcor Limited is to increase their profitability as well as to separate their unique identity in the global market. Below discussed aspects are the parts of the market selection process: Stages of Selection Process Global Marketing Objectives: This is the basic route to analyze an adequate way to reach to destination for expansion in the abroad countries. Evaluation of the marketing objectives allows the organization to evaluate the certain methods to enter into the country and in their market. Through performing this methodology, an organization is able to determine all the positive as well as negative resources which could benefit the organization or which could harm the organizational performance. The market needs to be selected after determining all marketing factors such as macro as well as micro environmental factors of the particular market. For instance, if Mexico does not believe in the production activities and they only believe in the export of goods than the demand of packaging material and the packaging organizations will be less. Hence, this could be a negative factor for the organization and this will impact organizational motive of expansion (Katsikeas, 2014). Factors of market selection: Before selecting the appropriate mode of entry or the appropriate market for performing the business activities for achieving the organizational objectives, it is necessary to set the parameters so that comparison could be done easily. The basic elements which are included in the selection process of market entry are internal and external factors of the business, macro as well as micro environmental factors, competition, legal parameters, resources available with the firm, etc. This helps the organization to determine the most appropriate market entry mode to for setting up the firms position in the international market as well as to determine the success factors involved in the selected market. Technology, Culture, Free markets, peace, economy, market demand, etc. are some of the aspects which should be included in the selection process in order to attain the adequate growth (Schu Morschett, 2017). Initial Screening: This action is performed at the time of selecting the potential markets for developing the adequate image in the market. Non-potential markets are disqualified at the initial step only in order to save the time of the organization. This eases the organizational process to select the adequate market to perform their functionalities. For performing this step, appropriate methods need to adopt such as measures for performing the screening needs to remain unchanged for every market. Markets could be measured on the basis of a size of the particular area, a population of that area, average income group people in that area, infrastructure of the area, political considerations, etc. All these factors become the part of the screening process (Armstrong, et. al., 2015). Shortlisting of a market: After performing the step of screening, the remaining markets needs to be evaluated again on the advanced measures in order to determine the benefits of the markets. These functionalities play very crucial role while selecting a market for the organization. While performing the screening process, advanced aspects will opt in order to achieve the expected growth rate for the organization (Majaro, 2013). Assessment and Selection: After shortlisting the available markets, the further assessment process will be conducted for selecting one of the best markets with an assumption of long run survival, from the growth perceptive, etc. Generally, this step is performed while organization launches any new product but this step is also feasible in the launching the new business or the existing business in the new market. As per this scenario, markets are assessed for Amcor Limited to expand its business functionalities in an international market and for now, Mexico is chosen as the preferred country to operate its business (Choi Yeniyurt, 2015). Reason to choose country There are a number of reasons available in the Mexican market which is responsible for the selection of the country: The market condition, as well as the size of the Mexican market, is quite favorable for businesses like Amcor Limited. Rules and the regulations in the Mexican market in relevance with the commercial operations as they are quite efficient in relation to other countries regulations. The quality of the packaging provided by the Amcor Limited helps them to stay unique from its competitors. The current population of the Mexico is equivalent to the 1.73% of the total population of the world and along with this figure of a population, they have a satisfactory GDP which provides the Mexican public the adequate power of purchase. Hence, chances of antimicrobial product packaging will be high in Mexico. Apart from the market barriers such as the unique legal system, numerous market drivers are present in the Mexico which helps the investors and the marketers to perform their business activities in the Mexico (Oh Contractor, 2014). Objectives Amcor Limited is involved in the packaging of the various products. For determination of risks and the opportunities in the international market, Amcor Limited has decided to move towards the Mexico in order to attain adequate objective and the goals for the organization. Expansion of the organization is conducted on the expectation of achieving growth and to set up its international image in the global market. Following are the objectives set up by the Amcor Limited in order to attain their target for setting up business in the international market: The product provided by Amcor Limited is the antimicrobial packaging. They provide this packaging for every type of products manufactured such as household items, perishable and non-perishable goods, etc. Apart from this, the specialty of their packaging is that it is chemical resistant and coating with the alcohol pads builds the packaging strong and reliable. In order to attain the adequate position in the Mexican market, the price of the antimicrobial packaging is set to the cheapest one. This will help them to gain the number of consumers and their objectives will also get fulfilled (Czinkota Czinkota, 2013). They have adopted various techniques to spread awareness in the Mexican market in relevance with their products. They have adopted the strategy of promotion and advertisement such as sponsorship, digital media platforms as well as the print media platforms (Sekaran Bougie, 2016). Development or adaptation of adequate competitive strategies is very necessary for Amcor Limited in order to develop a unique image in the competitive business environment. Visy Industries, Pact Group, and Sealed Air Australia are the primary competitors of the Amcor Limited through which consumers needs to perform various steps while choosing the adequate product for them (Demangeot, Broderick Craig, 2015). Amcor Limited uses the environmentally friendly material to produce their products, this becomes the major reason through which Amcor Limited's products become the bit costly in relevance to its competitor products. Despite being costly, Amcor Limiteds packaging provides the assurance of safety of products. SMART objectives of Amcor Limited The first aspect of SMART objective is the specific and significant goals, these goals help the organization to attain an effective position in the global market. Amcor Limiteds specific goals are to deliver adequate packaging to the manufacturers of Mexico in order to expand their business in the global market (Atzori, Iera Morabito, 2014). Amcor Limited has gained an adequate position in Australia and with this effect; they have decided to move towards the global market. Hence, their products are marked as global standard. The products provided by Amcor Limited have the enough capability to attain the effective market image in the global market and as per the analysis was done on the purchasing power of customers, and the market size of the Mexico helps the Amcor to attain the adequate position in global market (Eteokleous, Leonidou Katsikeas, 2016). The packaging provided by Amcor Limited is highly qualitative for preserving various types of products. Despite being the harsh market of Mexico in terms of rules and regulations, Amcor Limited has assumed the high demand for their products and this is due to the attainability of its products. The goals developed by the Amcor Limited are capable enough to create a distinctive image in the Mexican market. The major source through which the goals developed could be turned into the reality is the timely production of the packaging as well as the timely delivery of those products to the Mexican industries to provide them the great experience. This will develop the trust on the Amcor Limited by Mexican industrialists. Alternative Market entry strategy There are a number of market entry options available in the business. Market entry options for entering into a domestic market and in international market differ from each other. As per this scenario, Amcor Limited is traveling to Mexico with the view to expand its business and to increase its profitability. For entering the Mexican market, they need to evaluate all the available market entry options such as joint venture, partnership, direct exporting, etc. Following is the description of relevance with the market entry options available in the Mexican market for Amcor Limited: Alternative target market selection, positioning Direct Exporting: This is the source which is invented by the organization only through its own sources. Own sources may be contacts with friends, relatives, etc. in order to deal in the particular country through their help. In the scenario of Amcor Limited, they do not have any contacts in Mexico; hence this option will not be preferred one for them (Ang, Benischke Doh, 2015). Licensing: This is included in the foreign entry modes and this is a preferable option for most of the organization. Under this, an agreement is signed by the host country as well as the organization who is interested in performing the business activities in the particular country. The organization gets the right to secure their intangible assets such as patents, trademarks, techniques, etc. This is the official entry mode while expanding the business in the global market. The license is provided for a certain period of time and for executing their operations after that period, renewal of the license is must in order to avoid the glitch in the operations of the organization (Bond Saggi, 2014). Franchising: This type of business is quite famous in the food chain industry. Under this type of business, parent company (franchiser) provides their trademarks to the interested organization, who wants to operate their activities (franchisees) in return for royalties, or fees. For instance, Mc Donalds is an American fast food chain and they have various outlets across the globe and all they are operated on the basis of goodwill. This type of business is beneficial to the firm which has goodwill in the domestic as well as international market. The fees paid by the franchisees to the franchisor are for the goodwill only (Burton Cross, 2015). Amongst the available foreign entry modes, Amcor Limited should choose the licensing as their preferred option for entering into Mexican market for the purpose of trading. Apart from this, franchising type of business requires goodwill and brand image in the international market, whereas they have their goodwill in the Australia only. Hence, the best option for Amcor Limited will be the licensing and through this, they will get the rights to secure their trademarks, patents, etc. and along with these options, organization will get the certain period in order to set up their goodwill and to perform their business functions in order to achieve adequate goals and the objectives. Market Selection Process Under this method, an adequate market will be selected in order to conceive the factors of the organization. Mexico is selected amongst the number of countries available for the business expansion across the globe (Andersson Xiao, 2016). Alternative entry modes The most suitable market entry for the Amcor Limited in Mexico will be licensing whereas there are other market entry modes are also available such as direct exporting, franchising, joint venture, partnership, indirect exports, etc. Amongst them, the next suitable entry mode will be the joint venture and the partnership type of business. Whereas joint venture type of business will be operated for a certain period of time or say for a contract only while, partnership type of business could be operated till the time all the partners show their consent. Hence, Amcor Limited could choose the partnership type of business with the local organization of the Mexican market. This will help the Amcor to gain the goodwill on behalf of the local organization and apart from this, less investment, sharing of losses and risks will also be beard by both the partners. While conducting business activities through the sole proprietorship, all the losses, risks, etc. will be beard by single owner only (Johanson Mattsson, 2015). Positioning Strategy Positioning strategies are used to establish the product's or business' image in the new market conditions. As per the current scenario, Amcor Limited which provides unique packaging facilities to almost all types of industries has decided to expand their business in Mexico. Amongst the seven approaches of positioning strategies, products characteristics will be the most beneficial for Amcor Limited. Under this approach, products characteristics will be promoted in the new market conditions to establish their brand value. Along with the product characteristics, Amcor Limited could also choose the price-quality approach for the developing unique identity in the Mexican market (Solomon, 2014). Alternative Generic Strategies Generic strategies were invented by Michael Porter in 1985 and there are the three approaches for these strategies through which organization could gain some competitive advantage while setting up the business in international market. These approaches could be fitted in all types of industries irrelevant with the size of the business. Cost Leadership, Focus, and the Differentiation are the three approaches of generic strategies and the focus approach has been segregated in two parts i.e. cost focus as well as differentiation focus (Greckhamer Gur, 2015). Cost Leadership Strategy: Under this technique, an organization has two options i.e. increasing sales through reducing costs and increasing profits by reducing the selling price of the products and work at the reasonable rate of profit. These both options will provide the competitive advantage to the organization. Amcor Limited could adopt one of the strategies to compete with its competitors in the new market conditions as well as to build the market image. Adaptation of these approaches will help the organization to become the leader of the cost because with the changes in the price of the products done by one organization would influence the competitors to adopt the same change ( Banker, Mashruwala Tripathy, 2014). Differentiation Strategy: This approach requires amendments in the products or the services provided by the organization in order to make it different or unique from its competitors. As per the scenario of Amcor Limited, they can adopt this strategy in their workplace with the view to update or make the product unique from its competitors available in Mexico. This will help them to gain the competitive advantage as well as it will also help the organization to build the trust amongst the consumers towards the organization (Zehir, Can Karaboga, 2015). Focus Strategy: As per this strategy, an organization needs to concentrate on the specialty of the product, concentrating on the unique needs of the customers are also included in the focus strategy. As per the Michael Porter (1985), the adaptation of the focus strategy will help the manufacturer to build the customer oriented products which could fulfill their demands, as well as adequate satisfaction, could be obtained from the utilization of that product. In other words, the Amcor Limited needs to raise the packaging standard in order to fulfill the demands of the customers as well as the products provided to them needs to be valuable as per the price of the product (Angeloska-Dichovska Mirchevska, 2017). Market entry mode As per the scenario, it has been recommended that Amcor Limited needs to choose the licensing type of entry mode in terms of moving towards the international market. As per the market research analysis, Mexico has been finalized in terms of the expansion of their business hence; adaptation of the appropriate techniques is necessary in order to gain the adequate place in the Mexican market. Target Market The country has been chosen in order to expand the Amcor Limiteds business in international market. The major reason for choosing the market of Mexico is the attractive purchasing power of the consumers and the rapid increase in the GDP of Mexico enhance the chances for expanding the business for Amcor Limited. The main concern of Amcor Limited will be the manufacturing industries as they will be the major utilization of packaging offered by the Amcor Limited. Hence, it is recommended that Amcor Limited needs to consider towards the manufacturing industries. Positioning Strategy As per the scenario of Amcor Limited, they are seeking for the expansion of the business in the international market and for the same; it has been recommended to Amcor Limited that amongst the seven approaches of positioning strategy, utilising products characteristics and the pricing strategy will be most successful for them to establish the market position in the Mexico. Generic Strategy As per the situation of Amcor Limited and the generic strategies provided by Michael Porter (1985), the adaptation of the generic strategy will be done on the basis of SWOT analysis because it has three approaches i.e. focus, differentiation and the cost leadership. Till the time, an organization would not be able to gain the adequate knowledge in relevance with the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and the threats of the organization, adaptation of the appropriate strategy for making the unique identity of the organization will be the bit difficult task. Conclusion From the above analysis, it has been concluded that for the expansion in the international market, adequate marketing plan needs to be developed. This part is the addition to the assessment one and under this report, appropriate market entry option is evaluated in order to enter into the Mexican for the business expansion in the international market. First of all, market selection techniques were defined and additionally stages of the market selection were described for evaluating the most appropriate market that could be suitable for Mexican industry. The main concern for developing international marketing plan was to determine the scope of the Amcor Limiteds business in the global market. As they have already the huge brand image in the Australian market and taking this as an inspiration, organizational management decided to promote their business in the international market with the objective of attainment of the goals and the targets. Furthermore, alternative market entry options , generic entry modes, and the recommendation parts were discussed in order to make the international business more successful. References Akaka, M. A., Vargo, S. L., Lusch, R. F. (2013). The complexity of context: A service ecosystems approach for international marketing.Journal of Marketing Research,21(4), 1-20. Andersson, M., Xiao, J. (2016). 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A reappraisal of franchising across national boundaries in foreign market entry mode analysis. InProceedings of the 1993 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 638-642). Springer, Cham. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Choi, J., Yeniyurt, S. (2015). Contingency distance factors and international research and development (RD), marketing, and manufacturing alliance formations.International Business Review,24(6), 1061-1071. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. Banker, R., Mashruwala, R., Tripathy, A. (2014). Does a differentiation strategy lead to more sustainable financial performance than a cost leadership strategy?.Management Decision,52(5), 872-896. Demangeot, C., Broderick, A. J., Craig, C. S. (2015). Multicultural marketplaces: new territory for international marketing and consumer research.International Marketing Review,32(2), 118-140. Eteokleous, P. P., Leonidou, L. C., Katsikeas, C. S. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in international marketing: review, assessment, and future research.International Marketing Review,33(4), 580-624. Fletcher, R., Crawford, H. (2013).International marketing: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Greckhamer, T., Gur, F. A. (2015). A Set Theoretic Study of Generic Strategies and Firm Performance Differences. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 15849). Academy of Management. Johanson, J., Mattsson, L. G. (2015). Internationalisation in industrial systemsa network approach. InKnowledge, Networks and Power(pp. 111-132). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Katsikeas, C. S. (2014). Journal of International Marketing: Objectives, Challenges, and the Way Forward.Journal of International Marketing,22(1), 1-4. Kaufmann, H. R., Czinkota, M. R., Zakrzewski, M. (2015). B2B and internal relationships and curative international marketing: A polish case study.Industrial Marketing Management,51, 69-78. Knight, J. (2015). Five myths about internationalization.International Higher Education, (62). Majaro, S. (2013).International Marketing (RLE International Business): A Strategic Approach to World Markets. Routledge. Marchi, G., Vignola, M., Facchinetti, G., Mastroleo, G. (2014). International market selection for small firms: a fuzzy-based decision process.European Journal of Marketing,48(11/12), 2198-2212. Oh, C. H., Contractor, F. (2014). A regional perspective on multinational expansion strategies: Reconsidering the three?stage paradigm.British Journal of Management,25(S1). Paliwoda, S., Thomas, M. (2013).International marketing. Routledge. Schu, M., Morschett, D. (2017). Foreign market selection of online retailersA path-dependent perspective on influence factors.International Business Review. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Solomon, M. R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Zehir, C., Can, E., Karaboga, T. (2015). Linking entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: the role of differentiation strategy and innovation performance.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,210, 358-367.

The Divided Line and The Allegory of the Cave free essay sample

?It is important to realize, when reading the allegory of the cave and of the line, that Plato means to depict not only four ways of thinking, but four ways of life. To use an example, imagine that a person in each of these stages were asked to say what courage is. The understanding of courage would differ widely from stage to stage. Working with a possible interpretation of the imagination stage, an individual’s notion of courage in this stage would appeal to images from culture. Such an individual might try to explain courage by saying something like, â€Å"Luke Skywalker seems really courageous, so that’s courage. An individual possessed of beliefs would also appeal to a particular example, but the example picked would be drawn from real life. There might be mention of the Marines or New York City firemen. Someone at the stage of thought, in contrast, will try to give a definition of courage. We will write a custom essay sample on The Divided Line and The Allegory of the Cave or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perhaps they will give the definition offered by Socrates in Book IV: courage as the knowledge of what is to be feared and what is not to be feared. What separates the person speaking from thought from the person possessed of understanding is that the person speaking from thought cannot inform his views with knowledge of the Form of the Good. They are working with unproven hypotheses rather than the true first principle. Even if their definition is correct, it is left open to attack and objection because their grasp of the relevant concepts stops at a certain point. Speaking from understanding, someone giving a definition comprehends all the terms in the definition and can defend each one of them based on the first principle, the Form of the Good. Because the Form of the Good illuminates all understanding once it is grasped, knowledge is holistic. You need to understand everything to understand anything, and once you understanding anything you can proceed to an understanding of everything. All the forms are connected, and are comprehended together in the following way: you work your way up to the Form of the Good through thought until you grasp the Form of Good. Then, everything is illuminated. Since the stages in the cave are stages of life, it seems fair to say that Plato thought that we must all proceed through the lower stages in order to reach the higher stages. Everyone begins at the cognitive level of imagination. We each begin our lives deep within the cave, with our head and legs bound, and education is the struggle to move as far out of the cave as possible. Not everyone can make it all the way out, which is why some people are producers, some warriors, and some philosopher-kings. Given that the philosopher-kings have made it out of the cave, it might seem unfair that they are then forced back in. This is the worry that Socrates’s friends raise at the end of this section. Socrates has three lines of response to this concern. First, he reminds us again that our goal is not to make any one group especially happy, but rather to make the city as a whole as happy as possible. Second, he points out that the philosopher-kings are only able to enjoy the freedom above ground that they do because they were enabled by the education the city afforded them. They were molded to be philosopher-kings so that they could return to the cave and rule. They owe the city this form of gratitude and service. Finally, he adds that the philosophers will actually want to rule—in a backhanded way—because they will know that the city would be less just if they refrained from rule. Since they love the Forms, they will want to imitate the Forms by producing order and harmony in the city. They would be loathe to do anything that would subject the city to disorder and disharmony. Socrates ends by remarking that the reluctance of the philosopher to rule is one of his best qualifications for ruling. The only good ruler rules out of a sense of duty and obligation, rather than out of a desire for power and personal gain. The philosopher is the only type of person who could ever be in this position, because only he has subordinated lower drives toward honor and wealth to reason and the desire for truth.

Free Essays on Latin Women Pray Vs. Journey Of The Magi

â€Å"The Grumbling Believers† Religion is a very controversial issue in every race, time, and generation. Whether someone â€Å"believes† or not is always an issue in everyday life for many people. In â€Å"Latin Women Pray† by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the writer is looking upon religious customs as a type of joke. Similarly in T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Journey of the Magi†, the speaker is grumbling about a trip that he once made. When comparing these two poems, one can notice a very distinct difference, yet both poems are negative towards religion. Both speakers of the poem had a bad or somewhat confusing confrontation with their religious beliefs and in the end are either confused or mad about the conclusion. How can someone be so grumpy about religion or God altogether? Maybe the speakers had a bad experience which drove them to believe this way or they could be struggling with some new found hope. Although both poems discuss religion, the tone, imagery, and purpose are very differe nt from each other. The tone in â€Å"Journey of the Magi† is a complaining yet determined one. The speaker of the poem is a man who took a journey to see the Christ child. He speaks well of the infant child he traveled very far to see, but he seems somewhat hesitant to say that it was an overall good experience. The speaker tells of all the negative things that happened during his trip. He tells of the grumbling camel men, his sore feet, and the bad weather. He never mentions the pretty views or the Christ child in a positive way. The only mention of the child is â€Å"-feet kicking in empty wine-skins.† It seems that the speaker harbors some sort of bitterness. On the other hand, in the third stanza he admits, â€Å"I would do it again†. Meaning that he would make the terrible journey that he so roughly speaks about again, just to see the infant. Similarly the tone in â€Å"Latin Women Pray† is negative also. The speaker, which I gathered to... Free Essays on Latin Women Pray Vs. Journey Of The Magi Free Essays on Latin Women Pray Vs. Journey Of The Magi â€Å"The Grumbling Believers† Religion is a very controversial issue in every race, time, and generation. Whether someone â€Å"believes† or not is always an issue in everyday life for many people. In â€Å"Latin Women Pray† by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the writer is looking upon religious customs as a type of joke. Similarly in T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Journey of the Magi†, the speaker is grumbling about a trip that he once made. When comparing these two poems, one can notice a very distinct difference, yet both poems are negative towards religion. Both speakers of the poem had a bad or somewhat confusing confrontation with their religious beliefs and in the end are either confused or mad about the conclusion. How can someone be so grumpy about religion or God altogether? Maybe the speakers had a bad experience which drove them to believe this way or they could be struggling with some new found hope. Although both poems discuss religion, the tone, imagery, and purpose are very differe nt from each other. The tone in â€Å"Journey of the Magi† is a complaining yet determined one. The speaker of the poem is a man who took a journey to see the Christ child. He speaks well of the infant child he traveled very far to see, but he seems somewhat hesitant to say that it was an overall good experience. The speaker tells of all the negative things that happened during his trip. He tells of the grumbling camel men, his sore feet, and the bad weather. He never mentions the pretty views or the Christ child in a positive way. The only mention of the child is â€Å"-feet kicking in empty wine-skins.† It seems that the speaker harbors some sort of bitterness. On the other hand, in the third stanza he admits, â€Å"I would do it again†. Meaning that he would make the terrible journey that he so roughly speaks about again, just to see the infant. Similarly the tone in â€Å"Latin Women Pray† is negative also. The speaker, which I gathered to...

The Role of IBM in the History of Computers

The Role of IBM in the History of Computers This chapter in the History of Modern Computers finally brings us to a famous name most of you will have heard of. IBM stands for International Business Machines, the largest computer company in the world today. IBM has been responsible for numerous inventions having to do with computers. IBM - Background The company incorporated in 1911, starting as a major producer of punch card tabulating machines. During the 1930s, IBM built a series of calculators (the 600s) based on their punch-card processing equipment. In 1944, IBM co-funded the Mark 1 computer together with Harvard University, the Mark 1 was the first machine to compute long calculations automatically. The IBM 701 - General Purpose Computer The year 1953 saw the development of IBMs 701 EDPM, which, according to IBM, was the first commercially successful general-purpose computer. The 701s invention was due in part to the Korean War effort. Inventor, Thomas Johnson Watson Junior wanted to contribute what he called a defense calculator to aid in the United Nations policing of Korea. One obstacle he had to overcome was in convincing his father, Thomas Johnson Watson Senior (IBMs CEO) that the new computer would not harm IBMs profitable punch card processing business. The 701s were incompatible with IBMs punched card processing equipment, a big moneymaker for IBM. Only nineteen 701s were manufactured (the machine could be rented for $15,000 per month). The first 701 went to IBMs world headquarters in New York. Three went to atomic research laboratories. Eight went to aircraft companies. Three went to other research facilities. Two went to government agencies, including the first use of a computer by the United States Department of Defense. Two went to the navy and the last machine went to the United States Weather Bureau in early 1955. Features of the 701 The 1953 built 701 had electrostatic storage tube memory, used magnetic tape to store information, and had binary, fixed-point, single address hardware. The speed of the 701 computers was limited by the speed of its memory; the processing units in the machines were about 10 times faster than the core memory. The 701 also led to the development of the programming language FORTRAN. The IBM 704 In 1956, a significant upgrade to the 701 appeared. The IBM 704 was considered an early supercomputer and the first machine to incorporate floating-point hardware. The 704 used magnetic core memory that was faster and more reliable than the magnetic drum storage found in the 701. The IBM 7090 Also part of the 700 series, the IBM 7090 was the first commercial transistorized computer. Built in 1960, the 7090 computer was the fastest computer in the world. IBM dominated the mainframe and minicomputer market for the next two decades with its 700 series. The IBM 650 After releasing the 700 series, IBM built the 650 EDPM, a computer compatible with its earlier 600 calculator series. The 650 used the same card processing peripherals as the earlier calculators, starting the trend for loyal customers to upgrade. The 650s were IBMs first mass-produced computers (universities were offered a 60% discount). The IBM PC In 1981, IBM created its first personal home-use computer called the IBM PC, another milestone in computer history.

MARKETING COMUNICATION- INTERNAL MARKETING COMMUNICATION Essay

MARKETING COMUNICATION- INTERNAL MARKETING COMMUNICATION - Essay Example In order to be productive, the vision of employees must be in sync with the company’s vision and goals. Internal marketing communication is an effort by the top management to win employees support in their marketing strategy which in turn results in greater employee effectiveness. Internal marketing is based on the philosophy that employees are the internal customers of an organization and hence, it is necessary to promote the firm, its policies, mission, vision, products and strategies to the employees of the firm. Employees and business partners are called internal customers because they interact within the organization in order to generate long term value to the company. In order to be effective, a firm must accurately segment the internal customers (employees) according to their own buying behaviour. Employees can be divided into three segments: supporters (who support the internal strategy), neutral ( who neither support, nor oppose the strategy) and opposers ( who outrig ht refuse to or are against the strategy). Internal marketing communication aims to identify all the three segments of employees within an organization and then target all the three segments effectively in order to achieve a corporate culture comprising of empowered employees, equitable reward and recognition system and an overall good organizational structure that promotes learning, total quality management and business re-engineering. Internal marketing communication also plays a role in the three P’s of marketing strategy, push, pull and profile. The most important role played by internal communication is to decide upon which strategy to use for the company. Ans. Internal marketing communication plays a key role in internal marketing by communicating internal information within all departments in order to achieve organizational objectives. It aims to achieve the following purposes in an organization: It creates

HOSTILITY TOWARDS EASTERN EUROPEAN (EE) IMMIGRANTS IN THE UK FROM Essay

HOSTILITY TOWARDS EASTERN EUROPEAN (EE) IMMIGRANTS IN THE UK FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES - Essay Example Seventy percent of the increase in these ten years is attributed to immigration. About half of the foreigners come from Eastern Europe with Romania and Bulgaria having the highest number (Autonomous Nonprofit Organization, 2013). In the year 2012, reports published by Migration Watch showed about 80,000 people have been crossing the UK borders annually in search of better employment opportunities (Doyle & Chapman, 2014). This is a population which is roughly the size of the Borough of Tower of Hamlets. Immigrants continue to queue at the airports to get access into the country. Based on these trends and numbers, it is anticipated that more people, including those without work permits, will flock the country. Riley-Smith (2013) says that majority of these individuals are attracted by the prospects of getting better pay than what they used to get in their motherland. A foreigner working in the UK is able to get about four or five times what they were earning in their countries even at the minimum UK wage (Robila, 2013). Some stakeholders have raised the concern as people coming from Eastern Europe have lower employment rates in Britain. A clear look at the unemployment data reveals that this is an over magnified phenomenon. It is true that some foreigners find it had getting jobs in the UK (Riley-Smith, 2013). However most of them are those who lack work permits or are in the country illegally. According to Portes (2013), some UK leaders have called for the eventual restriction of ability of migrants moving to the country. Such stands are influenced by the mounting fear that the increase in the number of foreigners is limiting employment opportunities for the British citizens. This is a valid stand when one looks at the employment statistics of the skilled workers coming to the UK from East Europe. Majority of the immigrants are young and active than the average British

Explain Each of the Terms Essay Example for Free

Explain Each of the Terms Essay Explain Each of the Terms: Speech, Language, Communication and Speech Language and Communication Needs. Explain each of the terms speech, language, communication, speech, language and communication needs. EYMP5 (1. 1) The dictionary explanation of speech is â€Å"The expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds† or â€Å"A persons style of speaking† To speak is to physically be able to produce the individual sounds and sound patterns of our language, or articulate, to be able to produce speech with appropriate rhythm, and free of stuttering behaviour, and to produce speech with an appropriate vocal quality for age and sex. While speech involves the physical motor ability to talk, language is a symbolic, rule governed system used to convey a message. In English, the symbols can be words, either spoken or written. We also have gestural symbols, like shrugging our shoulders to indicate â€Å"I don’t know† or waving to indicate â€Å"Bye Bye† or the raising of our eye brows to show that we are surprised by something. Language can be defined as being made up of socially shared rules that include the following: †¢What words mean (e. g. , â€Å"star† can refer to a bright object in the night sky or a celebrity) †¢How to make new words (e. g. , friend, friendly, unfriendly) †¢How to put words together (e. g. , â€Å"Peg walked to the new store† rather than â€Å"Peg walk store new†) What word combinations are best in what situations (â€Å"Would you mind moving your foot? could quickly change to â€Å"Get off my foot, please! † if the first request did not produce results) You can have language without having speech. Though speech and language are related, you do not have to have speech to have a language. How? The best example of this is the use of Sign Language. Communication is the process of conveying a message or meaning to establish a shared understanding to others. You don’t need speech or a shared language to communicate. How? Let’s say you decide on a trip to Rome, but you don’t speak one word of Italian. You get off your plane, and you want to pick up your [continues]

Crime and Punishment as a Polyphonic Novel :: Crime Punishment Essays

The term 'polyphony' was introduced into literary theory by Mikhail Bakhtin in his à Ãƒ °Ãƒ ®Ãƒ ¡Ãƒ «Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ¬Ãƒ » à ¯Ãƒ ®Ãƒ ½Ãƒ ²Ãƒ ¨Ãƒ ªÃƒ ¨ Äà ®Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ²Ãƒ ®Ãƒ ¥Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ªÃƒ ®Ãƒ £Ãƒ ®. The polyphonic novel is dialogic rather than monologic; this means that multiple voices can be heard, and each voice represents an alternative version of 'the truth'. (NB. The use of dialogue as a formal device does not make a novel polyphonic in the Bakhtinian sense; genuine polyphony entails a sense of ambivalence, a situation where the different voices compete with one another and represent alternative viewpoints between which the reader cannot make a straightforward choice.) In Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov is the main focalizer: his point of view is adopted by the third-person narrator almost throughout (exceptions include a small number of episodes involving Svidrigaylov, and the relatively impersonal first chapter of the the Epilogue). The reader is thus allowed access into Raskolnikov's inner world, and although third-person narration is used, the novel as a whole comes close to being the central character's interior monologue. Nevertheless, there is also a strong tendency towards dialogue. This has several manifestations: (1) Actual dialogues between characters are of central importance in shaping not only the events but also Raskolnikov's mental processes; in relation to Raskolnikov, the other characters with their distinctive voices all represent alternative truths and alternative points of view. The other characters, and their ideas and values, are perceived through the prism of Raskolnikov's consciousness: their voices echo in his mind, and he reacts to the ideas put forward by these external voices, often entering into a mental dialogue with them. (2) Raskolnikov also conducts an endless dialogue with himself (frequently addressing himself in the second person); the voice of his shrewd intellect alternates with the voice of conscience, and a lucid understanding of his situation coexists with unaccountable (even contradictory) emotional reactions. (3) The reader also has access to Raskolnikov's subconscious mind (the voice of the subconscious) in the context of his nightmarish visions (see especially chapters I:5 and III:6) In all, Raskolnikov's mind becomes a battlefield where a number of different internal and external voices (representing different ideas and world-views, or different facets of Raskolnikov's personality) keep vying for supremacy.

Married Women On Condom Use Health And Social Care Essay

This survey aims to research perceptual experience and attitude of married adult females on rubber usage to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS, and to understand how this perceptual experience and attitudes influence rubber usage pattern among married adult females. However, there are some restrictions of this survey. The restriction of this survey is on the range of country, figure of respondent who interviewed and besides in term of the limited clip to carry on the survey. Therefore, the consequence and decisions must be considered as preliminary findings.5.1. DecisionSpecific decisions of this survey are as follows: This survey finds that HIV & A ; AIDS cognition on married adult females is low. The low HIV cognition is caused by limited entree of married adult females on HIV & A ; AIDS information, so they merely get the HIV information from telecasting particularly intelligence and some documentaries, such as soap opera, which is the quality of the information, is sometimes inaccurate. The determination from this survey shows that married adult females have low hazard perceptual experience because they belief that they do n't make something in hazard, or they said they belief their hubby, so they non make pattern safer sex ( condom usage ) . This low perceptual experience is caused by low cognition of HIV and ne'er sees people who have HIV make married adult females feel that HIV is happened in â€Å" other † people, non in them. This survey finds that rubber cognition on married adult females is low. Percept that rubber is something absurd is one of the manner married adult females show that rubber is something unusual and unfamiliar for them. The other misperception is for married adult females, rubber is indistinguishable with contraceptive method, even though rubber usage in FSW, and they still think it related to forestall gestation. In add-on, from one of focal point group treatment in low instruction and immature married adult females, they raised the sentiment that another sort of contraceptive method method besides has the similar map as rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS transmittal. The determination from this survey shows that the high degree of instruction, more likely to hold self efficaciousness that affect the manner of communicating, they feel more confident to discourse with the partner about gender, include communicating about HIV and rubber usage. While the respondent from low degree instruction told that for them, discourse about rubber to conserve is forbidden. However, in term of rubber usage, they can negociate to conserve, but the concluding determination is depend on the hubby, and in the degree of attitude this survey found some married adult females agree to utilize rubber for double protection, but when one ask about their purpose to utilize rubber, they said the have no purpose at all to utilize rubber because hubby do n't wish to utilize rubber. This statement make clear that in the twosome relationship particularly matrimony, hubby is have a strong influence on determination doing procedure related rubber usage. This related to sentiment of married adult females that work forces is a family leader, and married adult females have belief that the good married woman is who follow what hubby want. This survey found that no 1 usage rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS. Even though they who have possible high hazard, cipher usage rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS. The ground of non utilizing rubbers is varied, that is they feel non at hazard so no demand to utilize rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS, hubby do n't desire to utilize rubber, rubber usage struggle with the desire to reproduction, rubber can do some practical job, rubber interrupt sexual activity. However, married adult females raised some ground or state of affairs they will be agree to utilize rubber, when they can non utilize another sort of prophylactic method except rubber, or in the state of affairs they do non utilize any other prophylactic methods ( for illustration: after giving birth ) , when they perceived a demand of protection from the disease, and for funny reasoned.5.2 Recommendations5.2.1 Policy RecommendationsBased on the findings, cognition on HIV/AIDS on married adult females is remains low, it is r elated to limited entree of married adult females on HIV & A ; AIDS information. The Ministry of Health, HIV/AIDS Commission and NGOs should beef up runs or circulating information and cognition on HIV/AIDS through telecasting, wireless, cyberspace or web site, newspaper, and magazine to increase married adult females ‘s cognition. The findings revealed that married adult females cognition of rubber is really low, this taking to misperception about rubber. Almost of married adult females identify rubber as prophylactic method, non in the disease bar country. The Ministry of Health, HIV/AIDS Commission and NGOs should beef up runs or circulating information and cognition on rubber usage through telecasting, wireless, cyberspace or web site, newspaper, and magazine to increase adult females ‘s cognition. The determination shows work forces have a large part on determination doing procedure on rubber usage in all features of married adult females. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, AIDS Commission and National Family Planning and Population Board should beef up promote information, instruction and communicating and behavior alteration communicating plans which target high hazard adult male which can assist them increase their cognition about safe sex including STIs and HIV/AIDS. And besides adult females ‘s authorization plans are really of import to better their ability to pass on with their hubbies on sexual behaviour and safe sex. Therefore, the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection, NGOs ( Non-Governmental Organizations ) and societal groups should carry on adult females ‘s empowerment plans. The determination shows that perceived hazard of HIV & A ; AIDS among married adult females is low, and no 1 in this survey utilizing rubber even have purpose to utilize rubber to forestall HIV & A ; AIDS. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, AIDS Commission and National Family Planning and Population Board should beef up promote information, instruction and communicating and behavior alteration communicating plans which target married adult females which can assist them increase their cognition about safe sex including HIV/AIDS, particularly foregrounding the exposure of adult females who get HIV infection from promiscuous spouses which can promote them to hold safe sexual behaviour. It can promote and advance gender equity and generative wellness rights.5.2.2 Recommendations for Further ResearchsResearch on status, cognition, perceptual experience, attitude, and behaviour on the married adult females is still limited, particularly among high hazard adult male ‘s reg ular spouses whose hazard perceptual experience is low but whose hazard is related to the behaviour of their hubby. Including rubber usage as one of HIV & A ; AIDS bar methods will finish the image in turn toing married adult females ‘s job and demands sing their sexual behaviour. Future research has to analyze and turn to affectional and contextual issues in disease spread and bar in context of matrimony, including household wellness and cultural facet of gender and power, in the attempts to hold the spread of HIV infection.

Careers in law are open to all and the legal profession is sufficiently diverse. Discuss.

Introduction As a minority group, women have traditionally remained underrepresented within the legal profession. Whilst careers in law may, theoretically, be open to all, the reality is that due to the physiological make-up, maternalistic nature and historical suppression of women in society they have struggled to break entry into the traditionally male-dominated and elitist profession. This essay will argue that although efforts have and are continuing to be made to make a career in the law accessible for women, one could argue that the profession cannot yet be deemed sufficiently diverse as challenges continue to face women who elect to work with this profession. This essay will begin by summarising the history of the position of women in society, move to look to the challenges that face women and employers and finally, summarise steps that can be taken in an effort to eliminate such restraints. Women have fought a long battle against subordination. As late as the twentieth century, in England and Wales, women remained legally subordinate to men. In other cultures, this position remains in practice today. In England and Wales, coverture referred to the rights of women being subsumed by those of her husband through common law marriage. This legal doctrine left women without an identity and gave her husband control of her, her property and the custody of her children. Marital rape was not outlawed until R v R came before the House of Lords in 1992. Society saw women merely as objects of their husbands. It was not acceptable for women to study medicine or law or to engage in politics. Liberal ideals were quashed by the belief that women were irrational, temperamentally unfit to deal with such subjects and their place was in the home being a subservient wife and maternal parent. During the war effort, in particular, women proved that they were capable of holding down important r oles within the workforce and society more generally, and were seen as rational and intelligent in their thinking as their male counterparts. Women were granted suffrage in 1928 through the Equal Franchise Act and have since broken down the barriers into almost all professions. Despite, in theory, women having the ability to do everything a man can do, challenges remain that make it difficult to suggest that men and women are truly equal. Both society and the legal profession now support women embarking on careers within the industry. By 2008-9, 60% of all new admissions to the Roll were women and 52% of those called to the Bar in the same year were women. The Bar society indicated that in 2009, 34% of barristers were women. These figures demonstrate that women now make up over a third of all barristers, however, barristers are usually well educated and often from high socioeconomic standing, so this figure does not fully represent whether the legal profession is diverse for the average woman. Statistical evidence also proves that women still struggle to be appointed to the highest positions within the legal profession. Few women are promoted to Queen’s Counsel and the first woman to sit within the House of Lords was only appointed to this position in 2003. Women are traditionally paid lower than men. The Equal Pay Act 1970 has attempted to solve the disparity between the male and female pay gap, however, it is not uncommon for a case of this nature to arise. Recently, an employee sued her employer, Lewis Silkin, on the grounds that she was being paid lower than a male counterpart. Arguments suggest that due to the more emotional, sensitive and maternalistic nature of women in comparison to men, often women opt to specialise in different areas of law, such as family or personal injury law rather than male dominated specialisms, such as corporate or banking law. Family and personal injury law are also often less high-profile and do not hinge on lucrative deals so the specialisms are often not as well paid. To dismiss a woman for falling pregnant and wanting maternity leave is unfair dismissal. Pregnancy does, however, play an important role in this debate. Most employers would assume that a young woman will take a break to have a baby in the future and the fact that having a child is traditionally less disruptive to the work life of a man, it makes the male counterpart a cheaper and safer option in the long-term. A break in work is seen as disruptive and employers need to fill that position during the maternity leave, effectively causing the employer to pay twice for the same job to be completed. In a time when employers are facing tough economic times, having reliable staff that do not have to be replaced for extended durations appears, on face value, to be commercially viable option. Furthermore, there is a concern for the employer that childcare issues may cause disruption and lost working hours when the employee does return. Legal professionals who are self-employed, such as barris ters, can find the transition far more difficult in terms of covering their living costs and retaining clients during maternity leave and the stress of a new baby when they later return to work. In 2004, the Bar Council published policies that cover the issues of maternity, paternity and flexible working hours in an attempt to balance family life and legal practice. To actively reflect this aim, the policy has increased the time a barrister’s seat may be open rent free with Chamber’s expenses from three months to one year. In Heard and another v Sinclair Roche and Temperley (a firm) and others, it was ruled that the firm had unlawfully discriminated on the grounds of family status and combined with unlawful sex discrimination, constituted unfair treatment. This claim arose when the firm failed to promote or progress the individual. The firm had a total of 36 partners and only 6 were women. This case suggested that women are also less likely to be appointed to managerial positions, particularly if the dominating power is male. Other arguments suggest that women are more emotional than men and office politics are more present. Webley suggests that women struggle to progress in the profession for a variety of reasons including masculine office culture, the pressure of working long hours and high billing targets and dissatisfaction with commodification’s effect on work quality. In terms of the legal profession, lawyers represent the legal position of their client and to do so, must relate well and truly understand the situation of their client. If all lawyers were men, one could question whether women in society could ever be adequately represented by the legal profession. There is an argument to say that there is as much a place for women in the profession as men, as women solve problems in a different way, can be more compassionate and can balance an all-male work environment. Parliament has made attempts to allow greater access to the legal profession to minority groups by enacting legislation such as the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990. The main purpose of this enactment was to reform the legal profession after the findings of the Benson Commission in the 1970s. To the judiciary, in particular, important changes were made to appointments and pensions and significant changes were implemented towards the organisation and regulation of the legal profession. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 later recommended that an independent body should be created to deal with the appointment of judges, which came after criticism from the Law Society regarding the old system. Such legislative and societal support towards the accessibility and diversity of the legal profession should instil a hopefulness into affected women that the profession is moving in the right direction. There have been several attempts by the profession itself to promote and encourage accessibi lity and diversity. The PRIME initiative saw 23 UK and Irish law firms come together to form a ground-breaking initiative to increase social mobility through a wide ranging work experience scheme. Whilst this initiative focused more on socioeconomic status rather than gender, the results suggest that real opportunities within the legal profession have been offered to those who are otherwise unlikely to have been given the opportunity. In conclusion, the legal profession is not yet sufficiently diverse. Both historical and contemporary statistics prove a bias towards men due to the maternalistic nature of women. Statistics demonstrate a trend that the profession is moving in the right direction in terms of equality, diversity and accessibility for women, however, the battle for truly equal treatment, rights and pay for both genders is an ongoing issue within the legal profession, as it is in society generally. Historically, women were refrained from having an identity and practicing within the legal profession because they were considered irrational and incapable. Whilst that perception has clearly disappeared, which is a positive shift, women still face challenges due to the physiological differences between men and women. These differences will never change and unless there is a shift in the mentality of employers’, these are likely to be challenges that remain for the duration. One could argue that the ba ttle between equality and diversity within the legal profession and commercial viability for business owners will never truly resolve. Bibliography Deborah, L. ‘Title of the article’ [2001] Women and the Legal Profession 156 Fredman, S. ‘Discrimination Law’ (New York, United States: Oxford University Press Inc, 2001) Leighton, P. ‘Discrimination and the Law’ (Camp Road, London: Short Run Press, 2004) Macdonald, L. ‘Equality, Diversity and Discrimination’ (Camp Road, London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2004) McColgan, A. ‘Discrimination Law’ (North, America: Hart Publishing Co, 2nd edn., 2005). Roach Anleu, S. ‘Law and Social Change’ (City Road, London: Sage Publication Limited, 2000) Sargeant, M. ‘Discrimination Law’ (Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2004) Sommerland, H., Webley, D., Duff, L., Muzio, D., Tomlinson, J. ‘Diversity in the Legal Profession in England and Wales: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Individual Choices’ Suddards, H. ‘Sex and Race Discrimination’ (Camp Road, London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 2nd edn., 2002) Webley, L., Duff, L. ‘Women Solicitors as a Barometer for Problems within the Legal Profession: Time to Put Values before Profits?’ (2007) 34 Journal of Law and Society 374 Wilkins, D. ‘Rollin’ on the River: Race, Elite Schools, and the Equality Paradox’ (2000) 25 Law and Social Inquiry 527 Cases Heard and another v Sinclair Roche and Temperley (a firm) and others [2004] All ER (D) 432 (Jul) R v R [1992] 1 A.C. 599 Legislation Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 Equal Franchise Act 1928 Equal Pay Act 1970

Why videos go viral Essays - Viral Videos, YouTube Videos

Why videos go viral Essays - Viral Videos, YouTube Videos Why videos go viral Kevin Allocca Social media This TED Talk explains how videos go viral, and why it matters. First of all Kevin Allocca started saying that when he was young, being popular was a hard thing to accomplish, but now you can get it easily, by 3 different factors: tastemakers, communities in participation and unexpectedness; he presented some data showed that every minute in YouTube, 48 hours of video are uploaded, and just a tiny percent of it get millions of views. After this he showed a video of filmed by a man that showed a double rainbow in the camp, became very popular, since it got 23 million views, after that he showed a graph about the views that the video had and was perceptible that the video got viral months after being published. It happened because Jimmy Kimmel tweeted this video. This was the first factor, the Tastemaker, the ones who introduce new and interesting things to a larger audience. Then he played another video called Friday, sang by Rebecca Black, this video was played two hundred million ti mes; again showed more data but now about this video, this time some tastemakers posted the video accelerating the process, making it very popular, that it had its own parodies, he showed that every day of the week had its own song. This was the second factor, community participation, which means spreading it and doing something new with it. Then he played a video called the Nyan Cat, which was just an animated cat with a pink cookie and a rainbow with a funny song. It was viewed nearly five hundred million times, then he told the crowd that if they thought that was weird, there was a three hour version of the video and was viewed 4 million times. Then showed a video of a cat watching this video, and another video of a cat watching the Nyan Cat video, and emphasized that the important there, was the creativity, the showed some versions of the Nyan Cat such as the old version, then showed the international ones representing Japan, such as the Japanese, French, Mexican Russian and the American version. He pointed also that now we dont just enjoy but participate, and again showed a video but now of a girl playing the Nyan Cat in violin. And this was the last factor, unexpectedness, those vids that are truly unique, and unexpected. He shared that one of his friends told him to watch a video about a guy protesting bicycles finds in New York City, in his videos he accidentally fell, and then started to fall on his other videos to make them viral. Getting 5 million views. To conclude he said that this approach held for anything new that we do creatively and so it brings us to a big question, What does it mean?. To conclude he said that tastemakers create participating communities complete unexpectedness are characteristics in a new kind of media and culture where anyone has access and the audience defines the popularity and used as example to Justin Bieber, because he got famous starting on youtube, and said that this are not old media and it will define the entertai nment of the future. I chose this Ted Talk because is very interesting for me, and now in the technology era, I think is important to know more about media. This talk gave more understanding of how we interact with technology, because showing graphs and personal experiences made it easy and fun to get it. Also this ted talk showed that today besides all bad things happening there are people in the world that one to share their happiness. This video affected the way I watched simple viral videos and understand how it got viral and how I cooperated to make it happen. Even this talk was about three years ago these three factor are true.

Brunelleschi And Ghiberti In Early Rennaissance Essay

, Research Paper The competition panels by Brunelleschi and Ghiberti were made in Early Rennaissance. They were two of the seven plants that competed for the series of doors for the Florentine Baptistery. The topic for the competition doors was the narrative of how the religion of the patriarch Abraham was tested by God, who asked him to give his lone boy, Isaac. Abraham took Isaac into the forests to give, accompanied by two retainers and a donkey. Just as Abraham sacrificed Isaac, God, convinced about Abrahams religion, sent a random-access memory by an angel who told him the forfeit of the random-access memory is adequate. The competition panels picturize this minute. They have differences and similarities in footings of Aristotle? s theories andterms. I think foremost they need to be examined through causality. The stuff cause, the natural stuff used, for both plants are the same, bronze. The efficient cause are the creative persons themselves. There are differences in footings of formal cause, that is the design layout by the artist. In the way the panels are made, Brunelleschi?s panel is made up of parts individually shaped and brought together. Ghiberti made the panel as one piece. The way the story is picturized is also different. Brunelleshi?s figures have daring poses, the movement of Abraham and the pose of Isaac are far from being balanced and harmonical. Abraham and Isaac and the other elements have a tension in the way that they are placed and shaped. The drapery and the figures are broken and sharp, again, far from natural. Ghiberti?s figures are more natural and gentle in their poses and movements. The boy?s head looking up towards the god accepting death, Abraham?s movement with knife more natural, the knife not touching, no tension. The angel and other elements also look natural in the way they interact with other elements and their individual poses. The final cause would be the same fot both panels, to tell the story of Sacrifice of Isaac on the door panels usin g bronze.

Transformational Leadership style Research Paper

Transformational Leadership style - Research Paper Example People love working for businesses where they feel motivated and greatly inspired. A transformational leader is always inspiring, energetic, enthusiastic and passionate person who can influence the followers to change their perceptions, expectations and ultimately motivate them to work towards a common goal. This article analyses some of the transformational leadership styles evident in Starbucks’ CEO Howard Schultz. Schultz has learnt the art of transformational leadership which has really steered his business to a higher level in the recent past. According to Schultz, leadership is more than just winning or becoming triumphant but it is a continuation process which involves a number of people working towards achieving a common goal. He thinks that celebrating everyone in a company is a vital thing regardless of the position held in the business. Schultz further things that shared success is very important and that businesses requires team spirit that is highly inspired. Schu ltz believes that business itself is a team that requires highly motivated team spirit to catapult it to success. Inspiring employees is one thing that Howard believes in as it motivates them to share the company’s common goal (Bussing-Burks 76-83). ... The company gives modest paychecks, healthcare packages and stock options to her employees as a way of motivating them. He feels that by offering such kind of benefits that also involve career counseling ties the employees into the business and further creates the sense of belonging. Schultz believes that people are motivated to work even harder because they are part of the results of the company (Burke, Graeme and Cooper 183-185). Additionally, the Starbuck CEO treats his employees as one family thus prompting them to give their all to the company. Treating workforce like a family is a tool of maintaining loyalty amongst employees thus reducing even turnover rate. The warm and family treatment initiated by Schultz is one of the reasons most customers also remain loyal to the retail company due to hospitable treatment by employees. The culture is so much engrained in the company that the company does not call their workforce employees but as partners. He further provides training, le arning and some acknowledgment packages such as coffee education and learning to lead as a way of building confidence amongst the partners and boosting degree of attachment (Strauss 162-163). Schultz also gives hear to his partners’ needs and continuously consulting them and carefully receiving feedback relating to the company’s vision. He takes his time to communicate with employees via phone calls or sending emails enquiring about feedbacks of what the organization offers as well as seeking advice. What Starbuck CEO has successfully done is to communicate his vision so well that it sticks in the mind of all the partners as well as asking for their feedbacks and understanding of the vision (Cassidy & Kreitner 30-31). He further passionately

Car Safety Technologies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Car Safety Technologies - Research Paper Example n the wake of high incidents of accidents, governments have been working hard with automobile producers to incorporate safety technologies in their car models. As such, it is crucial for every individual to understand car safety features before making any purchase. This paper explores some of the most crucial car safety technologies in the automobile industry for the benefit of individuals with plans of buying cars at present or in the future. What would it feel like to take a ride in a car with faulty braking system or loose wheels? Ideally, no one would ever want to put his or her life at risk by getting behind the wheel of a road unworthy car. However, many accidents have occurred with vehicles perceived to be perfect for the road, but how can this problem be solved? The incorporation of car safety technologies is the answer to improving passenger safety in cars. Advance technologies are ensuring high-level testing and thus safer vehicles. Automobile producers are actively pursuing and investing in technologies, which are aimed at improving safety of their products. The following are some of the car safety technologies available in the automobile industry: Electronic stability control (ESC): This technology is significantly minimizes the risk of car skidding when one pulls an emergency action. ESC technology is made in such a manner that it applies automatic braking to particular car wheels (Aparow et al 270). This technology also has the ability to cut the engine power temporarily so that the car driver can maintain control of the car. ESC remains a crucial safety technology in modern vehicles, thus car buyers and owners should ensure they fit this particular car safety technology. Tire-pressure monitoring technology: In the US, all passenger vehicles of 10,000 pounds or below are required by the Traffic and Safety Administration to be fixed with a system that monitors pressure of the tires. Sensors fixed on the car wheels will alert the driver in the

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness Assignment

Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness - Assignment Example Thus, strategic competitiveness can be regarded as a consequence or outcome of effective strategic management from a critical viewpoint. Undoubtedly, strategic management and strategic competitiveness are two fundamental attributes which are essentially required by modern day organizations to achieve as well as sustain in the leadership position. From a broader perspective, these two concepts can be identified as based various factors or managerial elements such as organizational vision, mission and its business administration strategies to name a few (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2010). Based on this particular notion, the aim of the discussion henceforth will be to analyze the strategic competitiveness and the efficiency of strategic management process as practiced by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart) in its regular business operations taking into account the effects of globalization and technological alterations in its international industrial context. Effects of Globalization and Te chnology on Wal-Mart One of the positive effects led by globalization which is identifiable in relation to Wal-Mart has been the exposure to worldwide consumer market. It can be stated in this regard that globalization has provided a noteworthy scope to Wal-Mart in terms of cost leadership advantages. It is worth mentioning in this regard that owing to the cost efficient market structure of Wal-Mart in its home country, the company had been able to market its products at a competitive price in the global consumer market. In other words, this globalization effect regulated a balance for permitting the expansion of quality products at a much lower rate in the global markets context which proved to be of great benefit to Wal-Mart (Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2005). However, globalization also imposes certain negative implications which are commonly identified in terms of increased competition and significant influence of governmental interventions. It is worth mentioning that owing to such influences, Wal-Mart also had to face certain disruptions in its strategic management processes in performing the responsibilities of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Wal-Mart also had to witness significant challenges in relation to the diversity of cultures and market structures prevailing in different economic contexts all around the world. This can also be regarded as a vital challenge imposed by globalization effects upon organizations (Geref? & Christian, 2009). The effects of technology, in the similar context, can be considered as an important determinant which tends to impose significant impacts on the productivity of the retail outlets of Wal-Mart. Concerning today’s ever changing scenario, it can further be stated that the global retail market has been significantly influenced by the technology advancements. In relation to Wal-Mart’s strategic management initiatives in the global marketplace, can be observed as highly influenced by the te chnology effects. For instance, the company has been able to confirm efficient customer supply and almost accurate identification of the consumer demands. Technology has also played a vital role in increasing the efficiency of the overall business operations practiced in Wal-Mart

Morality And Ethics In Law Enforcement

Morality And Ethics In Law Enforcement Ethics is defined as study of moralitys effect on conduct: the study of moral standards and how they affect conduct. Morality is accepted moral standards; standards of conduct that are generally accepted as right or wrong. The paper will attempt to show dilemmas that law enforcement agencies face and why it is necessary for the law enforcement agencies to establish efficient and effective guidelines for law enforcement. It will show that it is also important to consider the ethical perspectives of the general public as well. The primary responsibility of the law enforcement agencies is to work for the benefit of the society and serve the community but law enforcement agencies have to make sure that their actions and policies are in conformance to the ethical standards of the society and do not violate any ethical or moral principle. Theories of Moral and Ethical Behavior Most ethical theorists start from a point which looks at what is being judged or evaluated as good or bad, right or wrong, and they usually look at one of two things: the inherent nature of the act and the consequences of the act. The theory of formalism was developed by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kants approach to ethics begins with an analysis of ulterior motives. Something could look good, and really be bad; and vice-versa, something could look bad, and really be good. Kant then proceeds to analyze the acts of Good Samaritans to see why they do good things for complete strangers. What is important is whether or not the Good Samaritan is doing the good thing out of the kindness of their heart or whether they expect payment, glory, or the return of a favor. Only if something springs from a desire to do well with no expectation of reward or benefit, can we truly say the goodness of an ethic has been achieved. The question then becomes: Under what circumstances will people sincerely d o good with no expectation of benefit? Kant says the answer is when people are doing their duty and the concept of duty becomes an important part of ethical formalism. Utilitarianism was developed by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Benthams approach to ethics makes extensive use of the pleasure principle which holds that humans are always predisposed to maximize pleasure and avoid pain. The root word in utilitarianism is utility which means useful. If something is useful in the short-run, then that is called act-utilitarianism. If something is useful in the long-run, then that is called rule-utilitarianism. Benthams second book (Bentham 1780) became a foundational document in utilitarianism and introduced the notion of a hedonistic calculus which was meant to distinguish things with social utility from things that are selfish. From 1791 to 1794, Bentham actively campaigned for his model prison based on what would become the philosophy of punishment known as deterrence. Deterrence is likewise divided into individual or specific deterrence and societal or general deterrence. Specific deterrence often takes the form of an older principle called incapacita tion. The idea is to make it impossible for an individual to commit another crime, at least while theyre in prison. Specific deterrence calls for inmates to be closely guarded and monitored at all times. In fact, Bentham proposed a type of prison system known as the Panopticon design. The principle here is that others will want to avoid criminal behavior because of the example provided by punishment. A person is punished not so much because they deserve it, but in order that others will not be inclined to do the same or similar thing. This kind of goal makes prisons as responsible for crime prevention as police are expected to be. Ethics in Policing The vast majority of police officers are honest and ethical but all of them pay the price for decreased public confidence and trust when there is little respect for police ethics. Public perceptions affect all of policing, go to the heart of police role in society, and involve ethical issues. Trust is the main ethical issue in this approach to police ethics, and in learning about trust, we also learn about other irrational forces in society, like fear. This kind of focus on police ethics is also a focus on societal ethics. Facts make little difference here, as it doesnt matter whether we can trace the roots of public mistrust to any specific event; what matters is perception, and how those perceptions influence the morality of a nation as a whole. An ethics code is an absolute necessity for law enforcement agencies. They provide an ethical and moral compass for personnel. An example of a well written code is the following: Criminal Justice is a scientific discipline and those who teach, research, study, administer or practice in this discipline subscribe to the general tenets of science and scholarship. They also recognize that the discovery, creation, transmission and accumulation of knowledge in any scientific discipline involves ethical considerations at every level. The Code of Ethics of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) sets forth 1) General Principles and 2) Ethical Standards that underlie members of the Academys professional responsibilities and conduct, along with the 3) Policies and Procedures for enforcing those principles and standards. Membership in the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences commits individual members to adhere to the ACJS Code of Ethics in determining ethical behavior in the context of their everyday professional activities. Activities that are purely personal and not related to criminal justice as a scientific discipline are not subject to this Code of Ethics. The General Principles contained in this Code express the values and ideals of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences for ethical behavior in the context of the professional activities of individual members of the Academy. The general principles should be considered by members in arriving at an ethical course of action in specific situations, and they may be considered by the Ethics Committee and the Executive Board of the ACJS in determining whether ethical violations have occurred and whether sanctions should be applied. The Ethical Standards set forth enforceable rules for the behavior of individual members of the Academy in specific situations. Most of the ethical standards are written broadly, to provide applications in varied roles and varied contexts. The Ethical Standards are not exhaustiveconduct that is not included in the Ethical Standards is not necessarily ethical or unethical. The Ethical Standards should always be interpreted in the context of the General Principle s. Violations of the Code of Ethics may lead to sanctions associated with individual membership in the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, including restrictions on or termination of that membership. (Code of Ethics, 2000) Personal codes of ethics are prevalent within the police community. This can be like a firearm; personal codes can be dangerous but have many benefits. An example of a personal code is the following: Therefore, my code of ethics would begin with the following statement. 1. Always maintain the highest integrity, honesty, and impartiality. 2. All current laws, be they federal, state, or local jurisdiction must be maintained and upheld. 3. Be of equal mind when dealing with all of my duties whether enforcing the law, or teaching the application. 4. Will not discriminate against a person based on their, gender, race, religious credo, social background, or disabled status. 5. Will maintain confidentiality within the boundaries of the law. 6. Never use my position to garner favors, nor imply that favors could be gained. 7. Will support and follow the Bill of Rights and our constitutional rights as outlined by our founders. 8. Understand and recognize that this code of ethics is a guide to be able to create and maintain an atmosphere of safety for those involved in the Criminal Justice system. (Mathewson, 2008) Duty consists of the responsibilities attached to a role; discretion is the ability to choose between two or more courses of action; and discrimination occurs when a group or individual is treated differently for no justifiable reason. These three terms are discussed together because they shed light on the problem of what is the right thing to do when it is so often the case in policing that there is no flawlessly right thing to do. Ethics in Corrections Trying to imagine society without an established legal system of punishment is quite difficult. Inflicting pain may not be the best way to get somebody to change. To inflict pain deliberately, and to do it right, requires that some morally acceptable way be found of doing it. It is a must to raise important moral questions about the appropriateness of a punishment institution in order to reduce dilemmas. Prisons as an institution symbolize the ultimate punishment that society can impose upon anyone who breaks the law. However, the moral and ethical issues associated with prisons go beyond the law, and include the why and how of prisons. The why and how questions correspond to John Rawls two rules for justifying punishment. The assumption has always been that studying prisons reveals much about how a civilization is to be judged. As society evolves, it is expected that prisons will simultaneously evolve. Therefore, the social and moral issues associated with corrections are intimately connected with the social and moral issues that a society faces. That is one reason why there have been so many shifting and changing correctional policies. As societies change, corrections change. The key point here is that there are few standpoints to really judge the why of prisons morally or ethically. There are few ethical principles that truly allow the study of whole penal systems and their place in society. Take away the offenders and youve lost your rationale for punishment. On the other hand, there is no shortage of ethical systems which easily permit us to see criminals punishment as deserved. For us to see this, we usually need to see some how regarding the actions that occur in prisons. Ethical Leadership Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. One of the more basic ethical problems with leadership is the management-line personnel divide. This divide is basically a case of jealousy in organizations based on an underlying sense of unfairness in how others became managers. It is the problem of administrators being disconnected from the front line predicaments and little things at the bottom which causes administrative policies to be split from reality. This is the great divide that nobody talks about, and thats an ethical dilemma. Another great dilemma is the question is it better to be loved or feared? All organizations have a power dimension and an authority dimension. It is easy to see the authority patterns in such things as the chain of command, but it is not always easy to spot power patterns. Power can be defined as any leadership behavior which influences the values, beliefs, or climate of the organization. Power forces people to change their minds about something, not simply out of persuasiveness or force, but out of sheer, blind, realistic, accommodation to the fact that there is no other way. Max Weber, the famous sociologist, said there were three types of power: charismatic, traditional, and legal-rational. French and Ravens The Bases of Social Power extends that typology into five types of power: legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent. Legitimate is based on a subordinates belief that the superior has the right to give orders, not just on the basis of rank, but on the basis of legitimacy, a sense of right, or socio-legal obligation. Reward is based on the a bility to bestow formal or informal rewards, such as pay, promotion, praise, recognition, special favors, or overlooking rule violations, personal idiosyncrasies, and ethical lapses. Coercive is based on the ability to punish, recommend punishment, or make punishment happen by engaging in rumor, harassment, mental abuse, or making someones work difficult or unpleasant. Expert is based on a subordinates belief that the leader is a true expert and one in whom confidence is placed without question because they have attained special knowledge and are also familiar with the tasks performed by followers. Referent is based on friendship, liking, respect, admiration, or the desire to emulate and be like the leader not just because of charisma but because of a belief that the leader will come to their rescue or aid at some time of great need. The delegation problem is perhaps the biggest problem in criminal justice leadership, since delegation is what allows lower-level employees to get things done. There is a right way and a wrong way to delegate as a leader. The most commonly repeated saying in textbooks is that you never delegate without giving away authority. When you delegate some of your administrative tasks to a subordinate, you are actually giving away responsibility. The problem often arises, however, that this subordinate doesnt have the authority or power to obtain the needed compliance or cooperation from co-workers. Thats a lack of authority. To get beyond this paradox, most modern principles of delegation say that you should only delegate things that are part of your subordinates professional development. According to Jack Kuykendall and Peter Unsinger, The Leadership Styles of Police Managers, not enough delegation goes on in criminal justice agencies. Subsequent research has shown it to be more commonly re placed by micro-managing. Basically administrators in criminal justice seem to prefer keeping their hands in just about everything. The most frequently used styles of leadership in criminal justice are the telling-selling style and the participating-selling style. The telling-selling style uses a little more two-way communication and the leader is concerned about employee buy-in to the decisions that have been made. The participating-selling style is frequently seen when the administration see the workforce as a whole demonstrating average levels of maturity, competence, and willingness. This style will not work, however, where there are regular disciplinary matters. In conclusion, there is no one right leadership style for all situations. Your perception of people and the organization will dictate your choice of styles. Leaders must be flexible, always assessing how important it is for the organization to be relationship oriented or task oriented. A lot of police administration wil l tell you that an administrator should not fraternize with the workers off-duty. It may be that in criminal justice what is needed instead is more getting together on and off the job, as long as the proper boundaries can be sustained.